I Hate Drunkers..

yesterday i had a phone call from my brother in law saying his brother is drunk. so as usual me and my wife went to the house. for my surprise, this was the worse ever drunk episode. the brothers are fighting,exchanging fist with the drunk brother standing and openiong his “drunken master kung fu”…he seems to be possesed..ow what the hell. so yerterday i jump onto him and pin him down with a “submission”. it felt like one of those UFC championship and i was winning…he really pissed me off..i had my fist ready in case he starts to act violently.while i pinned him down,i can hear his breath. it sounded like an angry gorilla in the midst..i hate drunkers..waste my time and waste his life…

Swine Flu 2009

On my way to work this morning, i heard the news on the radio. It was shocking, now there is a new epidemic outbreak in mexico n the US. They call it the swine flu or H1N1, and of course it comes from the swine. Here i took the info about this so call swine flu from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):

“Swine Influenza and You”

“What is swine flu?
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in pigs. People do not normally get swine flu, but human infections can and do happen. Swine flu viruses have been reported to spread from person-to-person, but in the past, this transmission was limited and not sustained beyond three people.

Are there human infections with swine flu in the U.S.?
In late March and early April 2009, cases of human infection with swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses were first reported in Southern California and near San Antonio, Texas. Other U.S. states have reported cases of swine flu infection in humans and cases have been reported internationally as well. An updated case count of confirmed swine flu infections in the United States is kept at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/investigation.htm CDC and local and state health agencies are working together to investigate this situation.

Is this swine flu virus contagious?
CDC has determined that this swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is contagious and is spreading from human to human. However, at this time, it not known how easily the virus spreads between people.

What are the signs and symptoms of swine flu in people?
The symptoms of swine flu in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people have reported diarrhea and vomiting associated with swine flu. In the past, severe illness (pneumonia and respiratory failure) and deaths have been reported with swine flu infection in people. Like seasonal flu, swine flu may cause a worsening of underlying chronic medical conditions.

How does swine flu spread?
Spread of this swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is thought to be happening in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

How can someone with the flu infect someone else?
Infected people may be able to infect others beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and up to 7 or more days after becoming sick. That means that you may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while you are sick.

What should I do to keep from getting the flu?
First and most important: wash your hands. Try to stay in good general health. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food. Try not touch surfaces that may be contaminated with the flu virus. Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

Are there medicines to treat swine flu?
Yes. CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with these swine influenza viruses. Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid or an inhaler) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your body. If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick (within 2 days of symptoms).

How long can an infected person spread swine flu to others?
People with swine influenza virus infection should be considered potentially contagious as long as they are symptomatic and possible for up to 7 days following illness onset. Children, especially younger children, might potentially be contagious for longer periods.

What surfaces are most likely to be sources of contamination?
Germs can be spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. Droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person move through the air. Germs can be spread when a person touches respiratory droplets from another person on a surface like a desk and then touches their own eyes, mouth or nose before washing their hands.

How long can viruses live outside the body?
We know that some viruses and bacteria can live 2 hours or longer on surfaces like cafeteria tables, doorknobs, and desks. Frequent handwashing will help you reduce the chance of getting contamination from these common surfaces.

What can I do to protect myself from getting sick?
There is no vaccine available right now to protect against swine flu. There are everyday actions that can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza. Take these everyday steps to protect your health:

• Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
• Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way.
• Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
• If you get sick with influenza, CDC recommends that you stay home from work or school and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them. What is the best way to keep from spreading the virus through coughing or sneezing?

If you are sick, limit your contact with other people as much as possible. Do not go to work or school if ill. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick. Put your used tissue in the waste basket. Cover your cough or sneeze if you do not have a tissue. Then, clean your hands, and do so every time you cough or sneeze.

 

What is the best way to keep from spreading the virus through coughing or sneezing?
If you are sick, limit your contact with other people as much as possible. Do not go to work or school if ill. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick. Put your used tissue in the waste basket. Cover your cough or sneeze if you do not have a tissue. Then, clean your hands, and do so every time you cough or sneeze.

What is the best technique for washing my hands to avoid getting the flu?
Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. Wash with soap and water. or clean with alcohol-based hand cleaner. we recommend that when you wash your hands — with soap and warm water — that you wash for 15 to 20 seconds. When soap and water are not available, alcohol-based disposable hand wipes or gel sanitizers may be used. You can find them in most supermarkets and drugstores. If using gel, rub your hands until the gel is dry. The gel doesn’t need water to work; the alcohol in it kills the germs on your hands.

What should I do if I get sick? If you live in areas where swine influenza cases have been identified and become ill with influenza-like symptoms, including fever, body aches, runny nose, sore throat, nausea, or vomiting or diarrhea, you may want to contact their health care provider, particularly if you are worried about your symptoms. Your health care provider will determine whether influenza testing or treatment is needed.

If you are sick, you should stay home and avoid contact with other people as much as possible to keep from spreading your illness to others.

If you become ill and experience any of the following warning signs, seek emergency medical care.

In children emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:

• Fast breathing or trouble breathing
• Bluish skin color
• Not drinking enough fluids
• Not waking up or not interacting
• Being so irritable that the child does not want to be held
• Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
• Fever with a rash

In adults, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:

• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
• Sudden dizziness
• Confusion
• Severe or persistent vomiting

 

How serious is swine flu infection?
Like seasonal flu, swine flu in humans can vary in severity from mild to severe. Between 2005 until January 2009, 12 human cases of swine flu were detected in the U.S. with no deaths occurring. However, swine flu infection can be serious. In September 1988, a previously healthy 32-year-old pregnant woman in Wisconsin was hospitalized for pneumonia after being infected with swine flu and died 8 days later. A swine flu outbreak in Fort Dix, New Jersey occurred in 1976 that caused more than 200 cases with serious illness in several people and one death.

Can I get swine influenza from eating or preparing pork?
No. Swine influenza viruses are not spread by food. You cannot get swine influenza from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork products is safe. “

 

 

body ache..

body ache..thats what im having for the whole week..after a game of “tarik tali” and volley ball, damn i really felt the ache all over my body..from my legs,backside,arm n neck…its been awhile since i become passive in sports..not long ago, i’m one of those who really enjoy sweating and breath taking outdoor life..but since i’m buzy with workloads..wah!!..i have turn into one of those computer geeks..my daily “sport” is typing,clicking and reading..not much of sweat dripping out..but not just having body ache..my quality time with my loved one also i sacrifice for the sake of being a good worker who obeys every orders from the “boss”…i must say, i have becoming “jack the dull”…

Job Interview Tips for Fresh Graduates

Introduction:

The main purpose of  a job interview is to exchange information.  The interviewer wants to find out if you fit the job and you want to find out if the job fits you.  You do this by answering and asking questions.  First, you must answer the interviewers questions well enough to impress the interviewers both professionally and personally so that you will be offered the job.  Second, you must ask questions to obtain sufficient information on whether or not you wish to join the organisation. 

 

Therefore, before you attend a job interview, it is very useful to sit down and reflect on yourself. 

 

WHO ARE YOU ACTUALLY..

 

only you know who you really are.

 

here are some tips i would like to share before and during interviews.

 

before the interview, you should always:

 

1. prepared all your important documents that you think will help you in your job quest.Note that only the relevant documents should be brought along and not those outdated info about you..

2. gather infos about the company. What is their core business, who are the clients, branches, etc. always look prepared and interested about working with the company,eventhough you are desperate for a job.

3. get ready your interview attire, if you dont have any,just borrow or buy a new one. a little investment will eventually help you in the future.

4. then, arrive early for the interview. never late or else it will shows that you are not good in your time management.

 

During the interview:

1. be cool and relax, try to answer the question correctly and if possible,avoid pausing too long.

2. do not chew chewing gums etc, its not polite.

3. avoid being too giddy or too too excited.

4. sit straight and do not “vibrate ” your legs.

5. maintain a proper eye contact especially when answering questions. DO NOT Stare at the panels as if you are ready to eat them.

 

Ending the Interview:

Here are some tips on how or what you should do when the session end:

1. Smile and say “THANK YOU”. This simple two letters word is the most decent and polit way of ending any conversation or meeting.Its shows that you appreciate the meeting/session and my mom always told me that ” whatever you do in your life, whoever you meet and whatever shit happen to you,you must always say “THANK YOU” . Its a BIG word and it may help you someday.”

2. Give a hand shake to the interviewer and SMILE.

3. leave the room politely and do not slam the door.

 

 

 

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Bau-Goldmine Heaven : Part 3

Beautiful Places of Bau.

 

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Baruk (Bidayuh’s Head house)

The ‘Baruk ‘

A unique architecture of the Bidayuh community. The above photograph is taken in Kampung Opar Bau, where a majority of the people are still Pagans.
A replica of the Baruk can be found at the Sarawak Cultural Village in Kuching.
In the old days, this is where the Bidayuh keep their enemies skulls.
‘Mukah’ is a Bidayuh religious festival to appease the spirits of ‘Tikurouk’ (skulls of enemies). This is no longer practise because most Bidayuhs are now Christians.
Now the Baruk is used by the Pagans to practise the ‘Adat Oma’ and performing traditional dances.

Other uses of the Baruk.

 

1. In the olden days, a defensive point for the Bidayuh Village.
   
2. Used by all unmarried men and young boys of the village as their sleeping place. (Keep them out of mischief!).
   
3. Rest house for visitors. (Most of them must have had nightmare!).
   
4. A meeting place for the villagers/with Government Officials.
   
5. A venue for religious and cultural ceremonies.
   

 

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Wind cavesWind Caves

The Wind Caves or ‘Lubang Angin” to the locals is situated about 3 kilometers from Bau Town. It is a notable tourist attraction of the district.
A stream passage inside the cave and a cool draught of air blowing out of the cave give rise to the name ‘lubang angin’.
The Caves has been developed by the State Forestry Department with a plank- walk around the caves, Baruk-like rest huts and other facilities. Now the caves are gazetted as Jungle Parks by the State Forestry Department.
It is an ideal place for picnickers because the Sungie Pidie (Sarawak Kanan River), flow beside the cave. The cool water is ideal for swimming and the beautiful natural surroundings is ideal for having barbecue/picnic lunch.

 

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Fairy caves pix 1 Fairy caves pix 2Fairy Caves

The Fairy Cave is notable because of its connections to legends according to the local population. Fairy cave is located about 8 kilometers from Bau Town.
It has also been gazatted as a Jungle Park by the Forestry Department and is being developed by them.

The local Chinese have built a number of shrines inside the cave. Inside the caves can be found quite a number of rock formations resembling some Chinese Goddess and the Buddha.

To the Bidayuhs, the human figure-like rock formations were formerly real people.
According to Bidayuh legends, there used to be a village near the caves. But because of their cruelty to a pair of orphans, the villagers were cursed and turned into stone!

 

 

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Dewan Suarah BauDewan Suarah Bau

Dewan Suarah Bau or Bau Civic center is a modern landmark of Bau town.
The predominant Bidayuhs have shared many generations of co-existence with the Chinese and Malays, thus the architecture of this landmark incoperate the cultural heritage of all the three communities living in Bau District.
The construction of the Civic Center began in June 1988, at the cost of RM4.6 million, and was completed in April 1990.
It was officially declared open by the Chief Minister YAB Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud on 27th May 1990.

 

 

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By: Mr Paul Remek

Bau-Goldmine Heaven: Part 2

A Brief History of Bau

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Introduction

Maybe it is not a well known fact, that, if it wasn’t because of Bau, James Brooke, the first White Rajah, would never have come to rule Sarawak.
The name ‘Bau’, only came into being in the early 1857, after the abortive Bau Chinese Rebellion of 1857.
In the early 1800’s, the old name of Bau District was ‘Upper Sarawak’. There was no such place called Bau. The old name of Bau Town was ‘Mau San’ or ‘Bukit Mau’. This Settlement was established in between 1820 – 1830 by Chinese Miners from Sambas, Indonesia, after the discovery of Gold and Antimony in the district.
History has shown that Bau is one of the oldest and richest (in term of mineral resources) districts in Sarawak. In the olden days, Bau was not only a well known mining district but also one of great historical importance.

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Bau Native Rebellion of 1836.

(Installation of James Brooke as the first White Rajah of Sarawak.)

The discovery of gold and Antimony in Bau district in 1823, was the turning point in the history of Sarawak. Sarawak at this time was under the rule of Brunei.
Sarawak (present day Kuching/Samarahan Division) at that time was under a tyrannical Governor named Pengiran Mahkota.
In 1826, Pengiran Mahkota, forced the Land Dayaks (Bidayuhs) and Malays in the District to work in the Antimony Mines, with hardly any wages. To add salt to injury, he took away their padi and boats. He even took away and sold Land Dayak women and children as slaves.
After suffering for 10 years, the Land Dayaks and Malays rebelled against Pengiran Mahkota in 1836. The rebells headquarters was in Sinawan. The rebellion dragged on for some years because neither could defeat each other.
It was in 1839, at the height of the Civil War, that James Brooke, an English Adventurer, made his first visit to Sarawak. James Brooke became enchanted with the place and revisited Kuching in August 1840.
The Civil war was still going on. Pengiran Muda Hassim (an envoy of Brunei Sultan – send to quell the rebellion), promised Brooke, that, if he could assist him to settle the Civil War, the country of Upper Sarawak (Bau District) and Sarawak proper (Kuching) would be given to him and he would be granted the title of Rajah.
By this time, the Land Dayaks had been defeated due to starvation. Thus by the end of 1840, without much effort and a little intervention by Brooke, the war ended.
Peace was finally restored. James Brooke took control of the administration of Sarawak.
On 24th September 1841, James Brooke was installed as the first White Rajah of Sarawak. (Kuching/Samarahan Division only)

 

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Bau Chinese Rebellion of 1857.

(How Bau got its name.)

The Chinese miners in ‘Mau San’ (Old Bau) was already well established since 1820. They were well contented in their free way of life due to loose control and poor administration by Brunei.
But after James Brooke was installed as Rajah of Sarawak in 1841, he imposed taxes, prohibited direct trading of opium and wine with foreign countries, prohibited direct export of gold and antimony. In 1856, the Rajah allowed the formation of the Borneo Company to mine gold in Bau.
The above factors caused the Chinese Miners to rebelled against the Rajah. Obeying the new rules of a White Devil was too much.
The rebellion started on 18th February 1857. 600 men paddled down Sarawak river from Pangkalan Bau to Kuching. They attacked Kuching and the Astana in the early morning of 19th February. Somehow, James Brooke manage to escape by swimming across the Sarawak river. The Chinese Miners burnt down the Astana, killed and beheaded 5 Europeans.
The rebellion was doomed to fail from the beginning. There was no proper planning, the Miners lacked weapons and proper military training. There was no support from the local community, especially the natives.
Thus when news came that, the Tuan Muda (Charles Brooke) with the aid of Iban warriors from second Division (Skrang) was coming to avenge the death of the Europeans, the Chinese Miners decided to retreat from Kuching to Bau.
On 22th February 1857, they retreated upriver. But at Jugan Sinawan they were attacked and defeated by the combined forces of Ibans and Malays loyal to Brooke. More then a hundred Miners were killed, including their leader. Dead and decomposed bodies were found everywhere. The place where this happened is now called ‘Buso’ (in malay, it means rotten/stink/decomposed).
The remaining 100 miners retreated to Bau, collected their families and belongings and escaped to Sambas, Indonesia. Most of them perished on the way.
The families that have lost their men and were unable to escape to Indonesia, hid in the Ghost Cave or fled into the jungle. There were no mercy for them. Each and everyone were hunted down and killed by the Rajah forces. Those who hid in the Ghost cave were burnt or suffocated to death.(a few hundred women and children). ‘Mau San’ Chinese Mining Settlement was set on fire on 25th February 1857. Total number of Chinese killed was about 2000.
The burnt bodies in Ghost caves and decomposed bodies around ‘Mau San’ produced bad smell for weeks. Because of the bad smell, it was believed that ‘Bau’ (it means bad smell/smelly in Malay) got its name.

Bidayuh Version of How Bau got its name.

The Chinese from Sambas, estabished their settlement in Mau San (now called Bau Lama), in the 1820’s, near to the present Bau Town. It was centered around the goldmine. The Sarawak Kanan river (sungei Pedie) flow close by. The river was their source of water supply and transport. As the settlement grew, the Bidayuh living in the area started to barter trade with the Chinese and some even found employment in the mines. The Bidayuh started to call the settlement ‘Kupuo Baauh’ or New Village. To a non-Bidayuh it is hard to pronoun ‘baauh’ and the name was corrupted to ‘Bau’. This is a more plausible origin to the name Bau. Nothing to do with bad smell.

‘Shak Lo Moun’.

The Hakka Chinese name for Bau is ‘Shak Lo Moun’ meaning ‘rock entrance’ or ‘cave door’. This is in reference to the many limestone caves found in the district.

Perhaps a history student should research about the origins of Bau. I would like to know whether some body has written a comprehensive history about the settlement of Bau.

 

Quop Contribution to James Brooke’s Kingdom

(This input is from Ches. email address: ycorin@hotmail.com )

 

There’s really lack of information on the Quop’s Dayak involvement in the putting down of the Chinese rebellion in your articles. Bidayuh too (Biatah, Siburan) contribute a lot to help James Brooke . (see William Nais comment in the Malaysian Borneo magazine.)

It is undoubtedly that Bidayuh are James Brooke’s earliest ally. Not only did James Brooke just crossed the Sarawak River when the rebellion started — if not mistaken he tooke refuge in Quop. There he enlisted the help of the Quop people to help him going after the rebels.

Quop too used to have a longhouse — Remin Betang except without the Panggah (or Baruk). Folks would normally balik kampong, sort of to the Rais, ie. the Up country Mother Village — that was then.

Thanks to Mr.Paul Remek for this wonderful source and information.

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Bau-Goldmine Heaven: Part 1

i am a Bidayuh from Bau and i am proud of it because Bau was a gold heaven until all the gold were dug out til the last of it..but yet..if you are lucky..you might find gold anywhere in Bau most probably in rivers,streams or while digging for worms…here i start by giving infos about Bau..

taken from Wikipedia.org

Bau is a gold mining town^[1] in the Kuching Division of Sarawak, Malaysia. Smuggling with Kalimantan is also important to the local economy.

History

On May 1, 1837, the Skrang Ibans invaded the Jagoi-Bratak Bidayuh settlement on top of Bratak Peak, killing over 2,000 Jagoi-Bratak Bidayuh men and taking 1,000 women captive. Panglima Kulow, head of Jagoi-Bratak Bidayuh community, and a handful of his followers survived the massacre. In 1841 Sir James Brooke, who was then the newly-installed White Rajah of Sarawak, was able to rescue some of the women taken captives. Each year on May 1, descendants of the survivors of the 1837 massacre hold Jagoi-Bratak Day on top of Bratak Peak in Bau in memory of their ancestors. A memorial stone was erected on May 1, 1988, to mark the day. ^[4]

Gold mining

Gold began being mined in Bau in the 1840s. It was discovered by Chinese miners from Pangkalan Tebang.^[5] After the Chinese uprising in 1857,^[6] the mining operations were gradually taken over by The Borneo Company with the last Chinese syndicate being bought out in 1884.^[5] In 1898, The Borneo Company introduced the cyanide process for extracting the gold,^[5] which led to increased environmental pollution. The mines were closed in 1921 because most of the easily reachable minerals had been removed.^[7] But during the Great Depression Chinese miners continued to work the mines.^[8] The mines were reopened in the late 1970s when world gold prices soared, but closed again in 1997 when the Asian financial crisis started.^[9] However by 2002, Preston Resources began developing the mining operations formerly held by Malaysia’s Oriental Peninsula Gold.^[1]

 Ecology

The limestone cliffs in the area support a wide range of endemic flora, including the rare pitcher plant Nepenthes northiana.^[10]

My Sarawak :Part 1

Taken from wikipedia.org..

Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi Kenyalang (‘Land of the Hornbills’), it is situated on the north-west of the island. It is the largest state in Malaysia; the second largest, Sabah, lies to the northeast.

The administrative capital is Kuching which has a population of 579,900 (2006 census; Kuching City South – 143,500; Kuching City North – 133,600; Padawan- 3rd Mile/ 7th Mile/ 10th Mile – 302,800). The name Kuching literally means ‘cat’ (kucing). Major cities and towns also include Sibu (pop. 254,000), Miri (pop. 263,000) and Bintulu (pop. 176,800). As of last census (Dec 31, 2006), the state population was 2,357,500. For more details about the population see Demographics of Malaysia, though it is interesting to note that Sarawak is, like Sabah to the north, a multicultural state, with no ethnic majority. The majority of Sarawak’s people are non-Muslim; there are over 30 ethnic (non-Malay) indigenous/natives groups in Sarawak.

History

Main article: History of Sarawak

The eastern seaboard of Borneo had been charted (though never settled) by the Portuguese in the early 16th century. The area of today’s Sarawak was known to Portuguese cartographers as Cerava. Sarawak had been a loosely governed territory under the control of the Brunei Sultanate in the early 19th century, although in the early 17th century Sarawak had her own the first and the last Sultan, Sultan Tengah. During the reign of Pangeran Indera Mahkota in 19th century, Sarawak was in chaos. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1827-1852) the Sultan of Brunei, ordered Pangeran Muda Hashim in 1839 to restore order and it was during this time that James Brooke arrived in Sarawak. Pangeran Muda Hashim initially requested for assistance but James Brooke refused. In 1841, James Brooke paid another visit to Sarawak and this time he agreed to assist. Pangeran Muda Hashim signed a treaty in 1841 surrendering Sarawak and Sinian to James Brooke. Thereafter, on 24 September 1841, Pangeran Muda Hashim bestowed the title Governor to James Brooke. He effectively became the Rajah of Sarawak and founded the White Rajah Dynasty of Sarawak, later extending his administration through an agreement with the Sultan of Brunei.

Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak

Brooke was appointed Rajah by the Sultan of Brunei on August 18, 1842; originally this territory was just the western end of later Sarawak, around Kuching. He ruled Sarawak until his death in 1868. His nephew Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke became Rajah after his death; he was succeeded on his death in 1917 by his son, Charles Vyner Brooke, with a provision that Charles should rule in consultation with his brother Bertram Brooke[1]. The territory was greatly expanded under the White Rajahs, mostly at the expense of areas nominally under the control of Brunei. In practice Brunei had only controlled strategic river and coastal forts in much of the lost territory, and so most of the gain was at the expense of Muslim warlords and of the de facto independence of local tribes.

The Brooke dynasty ruled Sarawak for a hundred years and became famous as the “White Rajahs“, accorded a status within the British Empire similar to that of the rulers of Indian princely states. In contrast to many other areas of the empire, however, the Brooke family was intent on a policy of paternalism to protect the indigenous population against exploitation. They governed with the aid of the Muslim Malay and enlisted the Ibans and other “Dayak” as a contingent militia. They also encouraged the immigration of Chinese merchants but forbade the Chinese to settle outside of towns in order to minimize the impact on the Dayak way of life. They also established the Sarawak Museum, the first museum in Borneo.

In the early part of 1941 preparations were afoot to introduce a new constitution, designed to limit the power of the Rajah and give the people of Sarawak a greater say in government.

While the intention was clearly admirable, the draft constitution contained defects and improprieties, not least by reason of a secret agreement drawn up between Charles Vyner Brooke and his top government officials, by which he was to be financially compensated for this gesture out of treasury funds.

Japan invaded Sarawak and occupied the island of Borneo in 1941, occupying Miri on December 16 and Kuching on December 24, and held it for the duration of World War II until the area was secured by Australian forces in 1945. The Rajah formally ceded sovereignty to the British Crown on July 1, 1946, under pressure from his wife among others. In addition the British Government offered a healthy pension to sweeten the negotiations. His nephew Anthony continued to claim sovereignty as Rajah of Sarawak.

After the end of the Second World War, Anthony Brooke then opposed the cession of the Rajah’s territory to the British Crown, and was associated with anti-secessionist groups in Sarawak. Anthony was banished from the country. He was allowed to return only seventeen years later, when Sarawak became part of the Federation of Malaysia.

Sarawak became a British colony (it was formerly an independent state under British protection) in July 1946, but Brooke’s campaign continued. The Malays in particular resisted the cession to Britain, dramatically assassinating the first British governor. Sarawak was one of the main sites of the Indonesian Confrontation between 1962 and 1966. It became an autonomous state of the federation of Malaysia on September 16, 1963, despite initial opposition from parts of the population.